History of Manipur: Resilience and Revolution of Northeastern Jewel

Nestled in the Northeastern region of India, Manipur stands as a land steeped in history and vibrant cultural heritage. The recent outbreak of violence in Manipur has left the state bleeding showing no signs of abating. This issue can be traced back to the demand by the Meitei community to be included in the Scheduled Tribes (STs) list of the state.

When Manipur was made a Union Territory under the States Reorganization Act, 1956 & the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, the government gave Nagas and Kukis status of ST. With the order of the Manipur High Court, violence broke out in various parts of Manipur. But is it just the fight for status, or it has deep roots in history?

This blog aims to take you on a journey through the chronicles of Manipur, exploring the rule of the Meitei Kingdom, the conflict with the Nagas and Kukis, the arrival of the British, the devastating period of destruction, the transition to a princely state, and the intriguing story of annexation.

The Groups of Manipur

Manipur has two distinct areas Imphal Valley and Hill districts. The Imphal Valley is dominated by Meiteis, who are Hindus & the hill districts are dominated by Naga & Kuki tribes. Article 371C of the Indian Constitution came into existence due to the 27th Amendment Act, 1971, granting special status to Manipur following the formation of this new state. There are three major groups in the state.

• The Meiteis, also known as Manipuris, constitute the largest ethnic group in the state of Manipur, primarily residing in the fertile Imphal valley at the heart of the state. 

• The Nagas in Manipur represent a cluster of tribes residing north of the Imphal valley, with cultural connections extending to Naga tribes in Nagaland and Assam.

• The Kukis, referred to as Khongjais in the local language, are Chin tribes inhabiting the southern hills and the Kangpokpi region in the northern hills of Manipur. 

The demographic dynamics and interplay of these communities form a crucial backdrop to understanding the complex sociopolitical landscape of Manipur. 

The Rule of the Meitei Kingdom and the Serpent King

• Origins of the Meitei Kingdom: The Meitei Kingdom in Manipur has a rich and ancient history. It traces its origins to the early settlers who migrated to the region and established their rule. The kingdom thrived and expanded under the leadership of its early rulers.

• The Meitei Kingdom was initially ruled by a line of kings belonging to the Pakhangba, who established their authority over the land. These early rulers laid the foundation for the kingdom's governance, administration, and cultural practices.

• Legend of the Serpent King: A significant aspect of Manipur's history is the legend of the Serpent King. According to Manipuri lore, the king is a direct descendent of Pakhangba, or the Serpent King, who is considered the king of the universe. The palace is a temple and the king is a direct descendent of God. He is therefore considered a God in Manipur. 

• The Pakhangba is the supreme God. He is a man who can change his body to any form, like animals, and others, as he is a powerful God. The legend of the Serpent King had a profound influence on Manipuri society. It shaped the cultural and religious practices of the people and became an integral part of their identity. The Serpent King's presence symbolized power, wisdom, and protection.

• Cultural and religious practices: During the rule of the Meitei Kingdom, Manipuri society developed rich cultural and religious traditions. It is believed that various groups then had cordial relations with each other and traded with each other. 

• The tribes often gave their foreign goods to the Meiti Kingdom, and in return, they offered them protection from foreign aggressors.

The rule of the Meitei Kingdom and the influence of the Serpent King shaped the socio-cultural fabric of Manipuri society. The legends, traditions, and religious practices that emerged during this period continue to be cherished and celebrated by the people of Manipur.

The Seven Years of Destruction (1819-1825)

• Historical context and causes: The Seven Years of Destruction in Manipur took place between 1819 and 1825. The primary cause was the repeated invasions by the Burmese Kingdom. The Burmese sought to expand their territory and control over Manipur, leading to a period of immense suffering and devastation.

• The devastation brought upon Manipur: The Burmese invasions resulted in widespread destruction throughout Manipur. Towns and villages were plundered, and infrastructure was demolished. The Manipuri people faced violence, displacement, and loss of lives and property. It was a time of great hardship and struggle for survival.

• Efforts of Manipuri leaders: Despite the immense challenges, Manipuri leaders displayed remarkable resilience and determination. They organized resistance movements and fought back against the Burmese invasions. Leaders like Gambhir Singh and Nara Singh played significant roles in rallying the people and striving for the restoration of stability and sovereignty.

The Seven Years of Destruction and Manipur's transition to a princely state mark critical periods in Manipur's history. The devastating Burmese invasions and the subsequent policies of the British had catastrophic effects on the Manipuri people and their sense of identity. 

The Arrival of the British and the Anglo-Burmese War

• The British Empire, recognizing the strategic importance of Manipur, expanded its influence in the region. Manipur's geographical location between British India and Burma (now Myanmar) made it a crucial region for trade and military purposes. The British recognized Manipur as a buffer state, serving as a gateway to Burma and as a check against Burmese colonial ambitions.

• The arrival of the British in Manipur in 1824 was a significant event in the state’s history. The British East India Company had been expanding its territory in the region, and Manipur was seen as a potential threat. The British also wanted to gain access to Manipur's trade routes.

• The British arrived in Manipur at a time when the kingdom was weak and divided. The Burmese had invaded Manipur in 1819, and the Manipuri king had been forced to flee. The British took advantage of this situation and signed a treaty with the Manipuri king in 1824. The treaty gave the British control over Manipur's trade and allowed them to station troops in the kingdom.

• The British involvement in Manipur led to the Anglo-Burmese War in 1824-1826. The British East India Company and the Burmese Empire fought the war. The war was caused by a number of factors, including the British desire to expand their territory in the region and the Burmese desire to control Manipur.

• The British won the Anglo-Burmese War, and the Burmese were forced to cede Manipur to the British. But was Manipur freed from the shackles of tyranny? The answer is NO! 

• The British replaced the Burmese and then established a protectorate over Manipur, and the Manipuri king was forced to accept British rule.

• The British involvement in Manipur had a profound impact on the state. The British introduced a number of changes to Manipuri society, including the introduction of a new legal system, the establishment of a British-style education system, and the introduction of new technologies. The British also encouraged the growth of Christianity in Manipur.

The arrival of the British and the Anglo-Burmese War altered the dynamics of Manipur's relationship with external powers. The strategic significance of Manipur led to its involvement in conflicts and alliances that reshaped the region's history. The subsequent British influence laid the groundwork for the transformation of Manipur's governance and society.

Manipur as a Princely State and the infamous Divide and Rule Policies

• Manipur's transition to a princely state: Following the British victory over the Burmese in the Anglo-Burmese War, Manipur came under British control, and with this control came economic and political reforms.

• The British established Manipur as a princely state, with the Manipuri rulers maintaining a degree of authority under British control. The political structure was created in such a manner that the Meiteis were given priority over Hill Tribes.

• Amidst tension between different groups, In 1890, there was a coup in Manipur and the British cracked down and the Anglo Manipur War broke out which was won by the Britishers.

• They replaced the king with the 5-year-old boy as the king on the throne of Manipur. This resulted in the rise of various rebel groups across the state of Manipur.

• British policy of divide and rule: The British implemented a policy of divide and rule in Manipur society. They fostered divisions and rivalries among the Manipuri nobility and various ethnic groups majorly between the Meiteis, Nagas and the Kukis. This policy aimed to weaken Manipuri unity and consolidate British control over the region. Ultimately the Kukis were driven deep into the forest land of Manipur.

• Impact of political fragmentation: Political fragmentation has left lasting scars in Manipur, evident in its demography. The divisions and conflicts have shaped the social fabric and are the primary reason for recent Manipur Protests.

Check out our recent video on Manipur Violence 2023 and let us know how we can resolve the issue of the Manipur Crisis in the comment section.

Story of Annexation and the Coerced Signing of Raja Bodhchandra

• Manipur, at the time of independence, opted for an independent state of Manipur but the Indian government feared that it might compromise India’s position because of two major reasons:

1. Aggressive Neighbours

2. Spread of the Communist Movement in Manipur

• Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh, the last ruler of Manipur was coerced into signing the Merger Agreement during a four-day-long parley in Shillong. He was virtually put under house arrest at Redlands Palace, Shillong, with a guard from the Jat Regiment providing security, despite his plea that he already had his own guard of State Military Police.

• House Arrest and Lack of Consent: The Maharaja's confinement and the presence of armed guards infringed upon his freedom and raised questions about the legality and validity of the Merger Agreement. The Maharaja's reluctance to sign stemmed from his desire to consult his people and the existing government in Manipur, as a constitutionally elected government was in place.

• Maharaja's Intentions: Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh expressed his intention to return to Manipur and consult his people before finalizing any agreement. His plea to visit Manipur to apprise his government of the situation went unheard, raising concerns about the fairness and legitimacy of the signing process.

• For 25 years, Manipur was controlled by the Central Government and treated as a Union Territory.

The story of annexation and the coerced sign of Raja Bodhchandra represents a crucial turning point in Manipur's history. The resistance movements and conflicts waged against British control reflect the unwavering spirit of the Manipuri people. Understanding this period sheds light on the challenges faced by Manipur and the long-lasting impacts of British colonial rule on the region.

Conclusion

The history of Manipur is a testament to the resilience and strength of its people. From the rule of the Meitei Kingdom to the devastating period of destruction, the arrival of the British, and Manipur's coerced annexation, the state has faced numerous challenges throughout its history. These events have left lasting impacts on Manipur's socio-cultural fabric and have shaped the current socio-political landscape, which has been tainted by recent violence.

It is crucial for us to delve into Manipur's history, understand its complexities, and actively work toward resolving the issues that have led to the ongoing violence. How can we resolve the issue of Manipur's ongoing violence and promote peace, unity, and reconciliation among the various communities? What measures can be taken to address historical grievances and ensure equal representation and opportunities for all in Manipur?

FAQs on Manipur

1. Who are the major ethnic groups in Manipur?

   - The major ethnic groups in Manipur are the Meiteis (Manipuris), Nagas, and Kukis.

2. What were the consequences of the Seven Years of Destruction in Manipur?

   - The Seven Years of Destruction (1819-1825) brought about by the Burmese invasions resulted in widespread destruction, violence, displacement, and loss of lives and property in Manipur.

3. Who was the Serpent King mentioned in Manipur's history?

- The Serpent King, also known as Pakhangba, is a significant figure in Manipuri lore. According to Manipuri mythology, the Serpent King is considered the king of the universe and a direct descendant of God. The Serpent King symbolized power, wisdom, and protection in Manipur's history.

4. What were the implications of Manipur's transition to a princely state and the coerced signing of Raja Bodhchandra?

   - Manipur's transition to a princely state under British control and the coerced signing of Raja Bodhchandra raised questions about the legitimacy of the signing process and the autonomy of the Manipuri people. It marked a turning point in Manipur's history and set the stage for the subsequent political and social dynamics.